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wider. When the beach is wide enough, even monster waves will rarely reach the land and waves will break up on the beach.
Groynes are much cheaper to build than sea walls, which is why they are so commonly used along coasts where erosion is a problem.
Cliff-foot boulders
Scientists have found better ways of protecting a cliff than a sea wall or groynes. One popular (and cheap) way is to use piles of boulders dumped
at the foot of a cliff. Waves crash on the boulders and use up their energy, so there is not enough energy left for erosion.
The boulders have to be big – otherwise they will be carried away by the waves (picture 4). This is a sustainable form of development (see page 38).
 4 Boulders are very effective. But the size of the boulders makes them difficult to walk across, so they are not used much in holiday resorts. This is California.
F 3 At Selsey, West Sussex, groynes have been built across a beach. They are designed
to make sure the wide beach stays in place and so waves do not reach the houses close to the shore.
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