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 2 When a cliff is made from soft rocks, the rock cannot stand vertically and it frequently collapses. This may result in a landslide, as shown in this example from Devon. Cliffs liable to landslides are hummocky and often covered in scrubby plants (as shown on the left of the picture). Compare this with the harder rock that makes the vertical cliffs on the right of the picture.
 3 When layers of hard and soft rock occur in a cliff, you get a shape like a staircase. The hard rock layers take longer to wear away than the soft layers and so they stand out as ledges. The ledges finally break off when enough of the soft rock below them has fallen away. This cliff is at Whitby, North Yorkshire.
Hard rock layer Soft rock layer
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