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(For other types of stars see: Binary star; Black hole; Blue giant; Brightest stars; Brown dwarf; Constellation; Dwarf star; Giant star; Guide Star; Helium star; Nova; Red dwarf; Shooting star; Supernova; White dwarf.)
(For individual stars see: Alpha Centauri; Altair; Barnard’s Star; Beta Centauri; Cassiopeia A; Castor; Crab Nebula; Deneb; Eta Carinae; Omega
4, 5, 6, 7—Eventually, the hydrogen fuel is used up, and only helium is left to burn. Since helium burns at much higher temperatures than hydrogen, the star gets brighter. At the same time, the outer part of the star begins to expand again, forming a red giant star. Eventually, the star literally blows apart and produces the spectacular “fireworks” in space called a supernova.
A supernova is a red giant that explodes. It suddenly increases in brightness by a factor of many billions, but even within a few weeks it begins to fade. The Crab Nebula (some 7,000 light-years away) consists of material ejected by the supernova of 1054.
A supernova may radiate more energy in
a few days than the Sun does in 100 million years. The stellar remnant left behind after the explosion is a star only a few kilometers in diameter but with an enormously high density.
Red giant
 Star—Three white dwarf stars (circled) among a star cluster, M4, of brighter yellow sunlike stars and cooler red dwarf stars.
Centauri; Rigel; Sirius; Sun, the; Vega; Venus.)
Stellar
Anything relating to the stars. Interstellar refers to the part of space between the stars.
8, 9, 10, 11—The remnant star then contracts as a neutron star or white dwarf, spinning quickly and sending out pulses of radio waves like a galactic beacon. That is why a neutron star is also sometimes called a pulsar. Eventually, the neutron star dies, its heat is lost, and it ceases to shine. Although it still exists in the galaxy, it can no longer be seen, and it is now called a black dwarf.
Nebula
Black dwarf 11 10
Stellar
7
White dwarf (neutron star, pulsar)
8
9
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