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Basic rock, basic lava
Basic rock, basic lava
An igneous rock (for example, gabbro, basalt) with a high percentage of dark-colored minerals and relatively little silica.
Batholith
A very large body of rock that
was formed from a cooled magma chamber deep in the Earth’s crust, and that is now exposed by erosion (see: Intrusive rock, intrusion). Batholiths are made of granite.
Batholiths can extend for hundreds of square kilometers.
The Sierra Nevada Mountains in California are made of a string
of batholiths. Yosemite National Park in California has magnificent exposures of granite rock. (See also: Boss; Igneous rock; Stock.)
Batholith
Magma chamber
Erosion
 Batholith—Batholiths are former magma chambers now filled with cold rock. Protrusions above the main magma chamber are called stocks and bosses. The rocks of batholiths often make rounded mountainous regions, such as here in Yosemite National Park, California.
Benioff zone
A steeply sloping surface that marks the boundary between a continental plate and an ocean plate. The Benioff zone marks the source of many earthquakes.
Biotite
A black form of the mineral mica. Biotite is an important mineral
in granite rocks, appearing as black flecks among the other light-colored minerals.
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Blind fault
A fault that does not rupture all the way up to the surface, so there is no evidence of it on the ground. Many earthquakes occur on blind faults, so that although there
is considerable surface damage from the collapse of buildings, the ground surface itself appears undisturbed.
 Blind fault—Many of the faults (shown in red) along the San Andreas Fault are blind faults.