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Hawaiian-type eruption
on this island is called Mont Pelée, and it rises some 1,400m. On May 8, 1902, after many warning signs that a major eruption was about
to happen, the volcano suddenly exploded, not from the top, but out of the side of the cone. A cloud of scalding gases and ash raced down the mountainside and engulfed the port town of Saint-Pierre. Within
a few seconds 30,000 people had been killed, about a sixth of the population of the island. The only person left alive was a prisoner who was being kept in a dungeon. The dungeon protected him from the full force of the blast.
The name of the mountain is now used to describe a violent
 Granite—Granite is the most widespread igneous rock on land. It is easily distinguished by its interlocking pink or grey
(feldspar), black (biotite), and glassy (quartz) crystals.
eruption that includes a glowing avalanche—Pelean-type.
In 1980 Mount St. Helens, Washington, erupted with a similar glowing avalanche, but in this case the destruction was confined to
a forest wilderness. Nevertheless, over 30 million trees were demolished within seconds.
Granite
An acidic, igneous rock formed deep below the surface of the Earth, mainly in the magma chambers that once fed volcanoes. Because this material was insulated from the surface, it cooled slowly, giving time for crystals to form.
The biggest crystals in a granite are usually feldspar. They make the opaque gray, white, or pink shapes in a granite. Black micas form much smaller crystals (see: Biotite). A mass of crystalline quartz (looking like grayish glass) fills in the spaces between the feldspar and mica crystals. (See also: Phenocryst.)
Granites are easily recognized and colorful rocks. Large masses of granite are found in batholiths.
Ground failure
A general term for any kind of landslide, liquefaction, or other effect that occurs due to the shaking of an earthquake.
H
Hawaiian-type eruption
A name for a volcanic eruption that mainly consists of lava fountains. (See also: Hot spot.)
 Hawaiian-type eruption— Eruptions of lava in the form of lines of lava fountains are among the most characteristic features of a Hawaiian-type eruption.
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